Fifty years ago this month, one of the most influential books of the 20th century was published by the University of Chicago Press. Many if not most lay people have probably never heard of its author, Thomas Kuhn, or of his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, but their thinking has almost certainly been influenced by his ideas. The litmus test is whether you've ever heard or used the term "paradigm shift", which is probably the most used – and abused – term in contemporary discussions of organisational change and intellectual progress. ...Read The Structure of Scientific Revolutions to see how professors could deny that science makes progress towards truth. This silly academic book has sold 1.4 million copies, far more than any comparable work.
Kuhn's encounter with the scientific work of Aristotle turned out to be a life- and career-changing epiphany. ... By the standards of present-day physics, Aristotle looks like an idiot. And yet we know he wasn't. Kuhn's blinding insight came from the sudden realisation that if one is to understand Aristotelian science, one must know about the intellectual tradition within which Aristotle worked. ...
Kuhn's central claim is that a careful study of the history of science reveals that development in any scientific field happens via a series of phases. ...
But what really set the cat among the philosophical pigeons was one implication of Kuhn's account of the process of paradigm change. He argued that competing paradigms are "incommensurable": that is to say, there exists no objective way of assessing their relative merits. There's no way, for example, that one could make a checklist comparing the merits of Newtonian mechanics (which applies to snooker balls and planets but not to anything that goes on inside the atom) and quantum mechanics (which deals with what happens at the sub-atomic level). But if rival paradigms are really incommensurable, then doesn't that imply that scientific revolutions must be based – at least in part – on irrational grounds? In which case, are not the paradigm shifts that we celebrate as great intellectual breakthroughs merely the result of outbreaks of mob psychology? ...
In the meantime, if you're making a list of books to read before you die, Kuhn's masterwork is one.
The concept of incommensurable paradigms is nonsense. Of course it is possible to make a checklist comparing the merits of Newtonian and quantum mechanics.
Kuhn never did explain his supposed Aristotle epiphany. Aristotle did not have a quantitative theory of motion. Kuhn partially explains what he meant, but not completely. I think that he exaggerates to support his dubious paradigm theory.
My only epiphany with Aristotle's physics was in seeing what is wrong with this
answer:
What is the difference between natural motion and violent motion?In Newton's view, all acceleration is just response to forces, and there is no distinction between natural and violent.
This is Aristotelean philosophy and is about 400 years out of date.
Artistotle divided motion into the 'natural' motions and the 'violent' motions. Natural motions were those motions that objects naturally did: objects on earth fell towards the center of the earth. Heavenly objects naturally moved in circles. Violent motion was *anything* other than this. So, to pick up a rock was considered a violent motion.
This view of physics was completely replaced when Issac Newton published his laws of motion in 1687. It had been challenged by Galileo and Kepler in the early 1600's. No physicist today sees Aristotle's views as having any validity whatsoever. They have been thoroughly debunked.
But Newton's view is not the modern view. According to relativity, gravity is not really a force, and gravitational acceleration is really just natural motion. Technically they are spacetime geodesics. Other kinds of motions are violent in the sense that they are not geodesics. Aristotle's view is actually quite similar to the modern distinction between geodesic and non-geodesic motion.
Before my Aristotelian epiphany, I would have agreed that "No physicist today sees Aristotle's views as having any validity whatsoever." Now I think that he was making a brilliant observation about motion.
That's a great epiphany.
ReplyDeleteI happened to come across the catastrophe theory a bit earlier than Kuhn's theory, both, in the early 1990s, within a year or two (perhaps even within a few months), when I was a grad. student at UAB. (I haven't read Kuhn's book in the original, though!) May be because of that particular order of reading, but the supposed dramatic impact of Kuhn's ideas was always lost on me. I seemed to take the Kuhnian thesis as simply one more illustration or application of the catastrophe theory.
ReplyDeleteAnother reason was philosophic. Coming from the background of Objectivism, I could easily see the role of an extraordinary genius/giant in changing the course of history, in any field of human endeavor. The discussions among Objectivist circles that there cannot be any such (Marxist/communist) thing as historical necessity, that history cannot repeat itself, was simply the related polemics.
So, from both angles---philosophical and scientific---I came to regard Kuhn's thesis as a very natural development. The idea of an individual man's free will, his genius as helping clarify a whole range of existing confusions, in science, was very natural to accept for me. And, the more structural aspects of this process---the Kuhnian paradigm shift---seemed adequately explainable in reference to the catastrophe theory. (Incidentally, the catastrophe theory itself wasn't such a big surprise to me, because of yet another accidental matter: topics like fracture mechanics (and to some extent, simpler explanations of buckling) were a part of my UG/PG studies.)
Today, I was reminded of all these things when I came across this post of yours. In particular, I found it a bit surprising that someone like you, too, had not mentioned the catastrophe theory in this context. So, I did a quick Google search, and found these couple of interesting links:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091002113222AAAveJ3
DOI: 10.1007/s11191-004-7940-3 (I have no access to the paper. (In fact, I am jobless right now.) However, the abstract seems clear enough to indicate the direction the paper might take.) I guess there could be papers from before 2005 as well.
Thanks, anyway, for reminding about this interesting anniversary.
Ajit
[E&OE]